E3062 PROGRAMMING 1

C++ is very rich in built-in operators. Operators trigger some computations when applied to operands in an expression. There are several general classes of operators. But for now, we will present just the arithmetic, relational, logical and assignment operators.

a-Arithmetic Operators

There are seven arithmetic operators in C++:-



Examples of operation involving integer variables. With a=7 and b=2, the expression on the values on the right.



Note: You can assign a positive or negative number to a variable by using a unary +

or - . Example:
a = -20 // assigns ‘a’ a negative 20
b = +20 // assigns ‘b’ a positive 20 ( + sign normally not needed)

Unary operators operate on single value. Thus the size of operator is a unary operator. So are the decrement and increment operator.



b-Relational Operators

There are six relational operators and three logical operators in C++:-



The result of evaluation of a relational operation is either true(represented by 1) or false (represented by 0). For example, if a = 7 and b = 5, then a



c-Logical Operators

There are three logical operators in C++:



*Hierarchy of Operators
The hierarchy of operator precedence form highest to lowest is summarized below:

All variables in a program must be declared prior to their use. The declaration takes the form:



Examples of variable declarations.

Int x, y, z;
Short small_number;
Long big_number;
Unsigned positive_number;
Char ch;
Float amount, rate;

Variables may be initialized by assigning constants to them either at the time of their declaration or at a later time.


Example of variable initialization and declaration

int m, n=10;
float rate, total = 0.0;
char response= ’n’;
char color{6}=’green’;

Constant are values that do not change during program execution. They can be of type integer, character or floating point. To declare a constant, use the keyword const as in the example:-



a-Integer constant

Integer constant can be further categorized into four types-short integer, integer,unsigned integer and long integer.
Examples of integer constants

• Short integer constant:
-99 -35 0 45 320

• Integer constants:
9999 -1 0 555 32767

• Unsigned integer constants:
1 256 1000 60000

• Long integer constants:
222 0 33333 9999999

A constant can also be identified as being long by tagging a l or a L to the end of the number, For example , the constants 212L and 323l. will be viewed by C++ as long constants.



b-Character and string Constants

A character constant is any character enclosed between two single quotation marks (‘ and ‘ ). When the several characters are enclosed between two double quotation marks (‘ and ‘ ), it is called a string. Examples of character and string constants;

i. Character constants:
‘$’ ‘*’ ‘ ‘ ‘z’ ‘G’

ii. String constants:
“Name:” “Telephone No:” “Postcode:”

iii. Floating Point Constants
A floating point constant is a decimal number that contains the decimal point (.) or the exponent ( e or E ) or both. Here are some examples of floating point constants.
5.0 0.005 2000.0 987.123 5e-3 0.01e-2 0.2345E8 1.23E4

This type can store floating point in computer memory.

Syntax : double name_identifier
Example: double pendapatan_bersih,cukai_pendapatan;
double nilai;

Memory storage that use for variable pendapatan_bersih be able to store floating point data. But int and char data types only can be stored according to computer types. The three floating points data in C++ such as;

1. float
2. double
3. long double


The comparison of the three types are range value and digits.

Float : 1.175494e-38 to 3.402823e+38 (6 place decimal )
Double : 2.225074e308 to 1.797693e+308 (15 place decimal)
Long double : 3.362103e-4932 to 1.189731e+4932 (19 place dec.)

Storage word char is use to declare variable character.

Syantax char name_identifier
example: char huruf;
char lagi;


This declaration means that variable lagi and huruf will given a memory storage for character data type. Character variable store printed data or un printed data in character set of computer includes;
• small and capital letters
• decimal digits (0-9)
• special character

This character represent in 1 byte (8 bit) computer memory. Internal representative for character value decided by encoder character (ASCII or EBCDIC) that is used in the computer.

Key words int is use to declare variable integer number

Syntax int name_identifier
example : int bilangan ;
int nom1,nom2;

This declaration means that the compiler was asked to hold integer data name bilangan, nom1 and nom 2. Integer data types is classified as sign (+) and unsigned (-).For all the computer system, data integer is refer to 0 and 1 bits. There are three types of integer short int, int, long int. The comparison of this integer range in value.

Short int : -32768 to 32767
Int : -32768 to 32767
Long int : -2147483648 to 2147483648
Unsigned short int: 65535
Unsigned int: 65535
Unsigned long int : 4294967295

There are four main data types in programming C++ :-

i. int
ii. char
iii. double
iv. float

For additional of basic data types programming C++ can support another built-in data types such as short, long, signed and unsigned. The various data types, the number of bits required to store them.